Atopic dermatitis (AD)—commonly referred to as eczema—is a long-term inflammatory skin condition that leads to red, itchy, and irritated skin. While it frequently begins in childhood, it can develop at any age. The exact cause of AD isn’t fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Individuals with AD often have a family history of allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, or other forms of eczema.

The condition occurs when the skin’s natural barrier is compromised, making it easier for irritants, allergens, and microbes to penetrate and trigger an immune response. Common symptoms include persistent itching, dry or rough skin, redness, and flaking. These symptoms often show up on the face, hands, feet, and the folds of the arms or legs, but can appear anywhere on the body.

Triggers vary widely between individuals and may include cold or hot weather, stress, certain soaps or detergents, allergens, and more. While there is currently no permanent cure, treatment focuses on soothing inflammation, preventing flare-ups, and restoring the skin barrier. Management typically involves the use of emollients, corticosteroid creams, antihistamines, and in some cases, advanced therapies like immunomodulators. Consistent skin care and trigger avoidance are crucial for long-term symptom control.